Reasons Why Leaders Fail And The Failure Of Business,...

Behind loss of focus, failure to communicate was ranked as the second leading cause of catastrophic failure of business, industry, and even religious figures on Mark Sanborn’s list of top 6 reasons of why leaders fail (Sanborn, 2010). â€Å"Say what you mean, and mean what you say,† has been the age old advice given to many aspiring and seasoned leaders alike (Sanborn, 2010, para. 3). However, many leaders have forgotten one thing, and that is, know what you mean before saying it (Sanborn, 2010, para. 3). Aside from knowing what you mean, one must look critically at the motivation behind words and actions (Barrett, 2014). Nothing damages the credibility of a leader more than self centered motivation or lack of personal ethics. Enron is evidence of that (Silverstein, 2013). To avoid catastrophe wherever leadership happens, a fundamental clear purpose becomes the beginning point to successful communication (Sanborn, 2010). Fundamental communication begins at the center of the leadership communication framework. Therefore, leadership communication, under the framework, begins with a core set of skills that involve developing a strategy and combining it with effectual writing and speaking (Barrett, 2014). From these base set of skills, the framework then expands outward to individual groups and teams, while further expanding into complex environments found in the upper echelons of management and corporations (Barrett, 2014). Core skills, while rather simple, must beShow MoreRelatedGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 PagesAdvertising f. Private life of public figures g. Celebrity as a role model h. Blame media for our problems i. Power + Responsibility of Media j. Media ethics k. New Media and Democracy 2. Science/Tech a. Science and Ethics b. Government and scientist role in science c. Rely too much on technology? d. Nuclear technology e. Genetic modification f. Right tech for wrong reasons 3. Arts/Culture a. Arts have a future in Singapore? b. Why pursue Arts? c. Arts and technologyRead MoreEntrepreneurship Process and Principles15897 Words   |  64 Pagesassumes the risk for business venture† -According to Skinner SJ and Ivancevich JM,† An entrepreneur is a person who takes the risks necessary to organize and manage a business and receives the financial profits and monetary rewards† -Entrepreneur is a person who organizes and assumes the risk of his or her own venture†. Meaning and definition of Entrepreneurship -According to R.M.Hodgehs,-‘Entrepreneurship is the process of organizing, managing and assuming the risk of a business.† EntrepreneurshipRead MoreNature of Strategic Management13243 Words   |  53 PagesProfessional Publishing CHAPTER OUTLINE What Is Strategic Management? 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A strong brand can make all the difference between a successful brand and a failure. Branding is at the heart of marketing. The reason for this statement is that marketing should not only be about meeting needs but also aboutRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesOur thanks go to Janice Nunn for all the effort that she put in to the preparation of the manuscript. Strategic Marketing Management Planning, implementation and control Third edition Richard M.S. Wilson Emeritus Professor of Business Administration The Business School Loughborough University and Colin Gilligan Professor of Marketing Sheffield Hallam University and Visiting Professor, Northumbria University AMSTERDAM †¢ BOSTON †¢ HEIDELBERG †¢ LONDON †¢ NEW YORK †¢ OXFORD PARIS †¢ SAN DIEGORead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManagement Course: MBA−10 General Management California College for Health Sciences MBA Program McGraw-Hill/Irwin abc McGraw−Hill Primis ISBN: 0−390−58539−4 Text: Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell LeadershipRead MoreStarbucks Case Analysis7863 Words   |  32 Pagesand over 1,300 stores. By 2002 these figures had risen to 5,689 stores in 28 countries. He is the man behind, and CEO of, Starbucks. PESTLE Analysis: PESTLE analysis is a tool that can aid organisations making strategies by helping them understand the external environment in which they operate now and will operate in the future. It is a method of examining the many different external factors affecting an organisation Ââ€" the outside influences on success or failure. PESTLE stands for: Political Ââ€"Read MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 PagesYoung University. He is widely published in strategy and business journals and was the fourth most cited management scholar from 1996–2006. is a professor of leadership at INSEAD. 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Advantages of Online Learning - 1634 Words

The online era is beginning to change the way we deliver the message to the students. As brokers of information, we have to seek new mediums to reach our students or consumers. Online learning is becoming more popular to reach students to help increase their reading and comprehension of what they read. As a history teacher, it becomes frustrating to assign homework that the students do not do, because they cant. The use of technology has the ability to allow teachers to teach the student, instead of teaching the grade level. Jon Bower, CEO of Lexia Learning Systems, points this fact out when he states, Technology has a crucial role to play in our schools. Unfortunately, it has little to do with the integrated learning systems,†¦show more content†¦Tom March illustrates the simple point of not having to redesign the wheel by examining the vast amount of information that is available on the internet for our students to use. March posits that there are three tools that teachers need to equip themselves with to be successful teachers . They are A) Creation of a learning environment Students need to have a space that they can call their own. The virtual classroom should be a place where the students can recognize that education is based on sound pedagogy. This requires trust of the instructor having the best view as the guide of the educational experience. Another key to successful on line education is that there has to be an easy was to create web based assignments for the students to turn in. Some students might have some phobias built up over technology, creating a roadblock in the informational highway. Finally, any fears of technology must be dealt with, to insure that the message is getting delivered in a timely manner. B) Shaping Web-based activities Tools like Blackboard, or WebCT can help facilitate both assessment and support inquiries on the subject matter. Having objective criteria will help evaluate students and give the student a guideline for what is expected in the class. Students gain increased flexibility in taking tests or turning assignments in. Gone are the days of slipping the assignment under the professors door or trusting the departmentShow MoreRelatedAdvantages of Online Learning essay844 Words   |  4 PagesDav Online Learning vs. Traditional Classroom Learning Online Learning versus Traditional Classroom Learning Today, many students are faced with the decision to go to a school where they sit in a classroom and learn from a teacher face to face, or go to school online where the teacher sends out assignments through email and discussion boards. Not only do students have this decision for college, but they now have it for high schoolRead MoreOnline Classes : A Successful Learning Environment1123 Words   |  5 PagesIn this day and age, everything is online. 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Moreover, flexibility and convenienceRead MoreEssay Advantages of an Online Education1332 Words   |  6 PagesAdvantages of Online Education Is online education a valuable innovation that improves opportunities for students or is it a poor substitute for traditional, classroom-based teaching? It has long been recognized that students and educators need to use a variety of tools in order to keep up with the skills that are needed in the contemporary world. Online education is becoming popular, but some people raise questions about its effectiveness in comparison to traditional learning. While teachers willRead MoreTechnology Technologies On Learning869 Words   |  4 Pagesthe IT technologies on learning. The authors conduct a 50-items survey in Canada with 14,283 college students, which include the impact of online resource, teaching methods, study strategies, self-regulatory strategies and the use of ICT. 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However, there seems to be a growing gap between the knowledge necessary to succeed in life, and the things learned and available yesteryear. Today more than ever, a dult learners require solutionsRead MoreDifferences Between Online And Traditional Education787 Words   |  4 PagesStudents seeking higher education now have the option to either take classes online via the internet or take classes traditionally in the classroom. Online and Traditional Education are still similar and still use the same concept of teaching. These include having a teacher, discussion board, and the same traditional curriculum. In fact there is only a few differences. The big known difference is the flexibility of online classes versus a scheduled classroom environment. This makes it easier for studentsRead MoreIs Online Learning As Good1589 Words   |  7 PagesIs Online Learning as Good as Face-to-Face Learning? Technological advancement has brought up new ways of doing things. Traditionally, the manufacturing industry had to employ hundreds of workers to ensure that work was done in the right manner. They had to lift heavy machinery or use forklifts to ensure the heavy machineries were fixed in the correct place. Technological advancement brought about the principle of robotics. Companies are happy in the modern times to use robotics in manufacturing

Forrest Gump Chapter Eighteen Free Essays

string(141) " place in a corner of the livin room with a little mattress an she kep a jar on the bathroom floor so he wouldn’t have to use his hat\." Chapter Eighteen Well, let me tell you – that were the happiest reunion of my life. Jenny is cryin an huggin me an I’m doin the same an everbody else in re-treads is standin there wonderin what is goin on. Jenny say she is off work in bout three hours, an for me an Dan to go over to this little tavern across the street an have a beer or somethin an wait for her. We will write a custom essay sample on Forrest Gump Chapter Eighteen or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then she will take us to her place. We go to the tavern an Dan is drinkin some Ripple wine on account of they got no Red Dagger, but he say Ripple is better anyhow cause it got a nicer â€Å"bouquet.† Bunch of other fellers is in there too, playin darts an drinkin an arm rasslin each other at a table. One big ole guy seem to be the bes arm rassler of the tavern, an ever once in a wile some feller would come up an try to beat him but couldn’t. They be bettin on it too, five an ten dollars a whack. After a little bit, Dan whisper over to me, â€Å"Forrest, you think you could beat that big bozo over there at arm rasslin?† An I say I dunno, an Dan say, â€Å"Well, here’s five bucks, cause I’m bettin you can.† So I go up an say to the feller, â€Å"Would you mine if I set down an arm rassle with you?† He look up at me, smilin, an say, â€Å"Long as you got money, you is welcome to try.† So I set down an we grapped each other’s hans an somebody say, â€Å"Go!† an the rassle is on. Other feller be gruntin an strainin like a dog tryin to shit a peach seed, but in about ten secons I had smushed his arm down on the table an whipped him at arm rasslin. All the other fellers had come gatherin aroun the table an were goin â€Å"oooh† an â€Å"ahh† an I could hear ole Dan shoutin an cheerin. Well, the other feller ain’t none too happy but he paid me five dollars an got up from the table. â€Å"My elbow slipped,† he say, â€Å"but nex time you come back here I want to have a go at you again, hear?† I nodded an went back to the table Dan was at an give him the money. â€Å"Forrest,† he say, â€Å"we may have foun a easy way to make ourselfs some bread.† I axed Dan if I could have a quarter to git me a pickled egg from the jar on the counter, an he han me a dollar an say, â€Å"You git anything you want, Forrest. We is now got a way to earn a livelyhood.† After work, Jenny come over to the tavern an take us to her place. She is livin in a little apartment not too far from the Temperer Tire Company an has got it all fixed up nice with things like stuffed animals an strings of colored beads hangin from the bedroom door. We went out to a grocery an bought some chicken an Jenny cooked supper for Dan an me an I tole her all that had happened since I seen her last. Mostly, she is curious about Major Fritch, but when I say she run off with a cannibal, Jenny seemed more relaxed bout it. She say life has not exactly been a bowl of cherries for her either durin the past few years. After she lef The Cracked Eggs, Jenny done gone to Chicago with this girl she met in the peace movement. They had demonstrated in the streets an got thowed in jail a bunch of times an Jenny say she is finally gettin tired of havin to appear in court an besides, she is concerned that she is developin a long police record. Anyhow, she is livin in this house with about fifteen people an she says they is not exactly her type of persons. Didn’t wear no underwear or nothin, an nobody flushed the toilets. She an this guy decided to take an apartment together, cause he didn’t like where they was livin neither, but that didn’t work out. â€Å"You know, Forrest,† she say, â€Å"I even tried to fall in love with him, but I jus couldn’t because I was thinkin of you.† She had wrote to her mama an axed her to get in touch with my mama to try an find out where I was bein kept, but her mama write her back sayin our house done burnt up an my mama is now livin in the po house, but by the time the letter get to Jenny, Mama done already run off with the protestant. Anyhow, Jenny said she didn’t have no money an so she heard they is hirin people at the tire company an she come down to Indianapolis to get a job. Bout that time she seen on the television that I am bout to be launched into space, but they is no time for her to get down to Houston. She say she watched, â€Å"with horror,† as my spaceship crashed, an she give me up for dead. Ever since, she jus been puttin in her time makin re-treads. I took her an hole her in my arms an we stayed like that for a wile. Dan rolled hissef into the bathroom, say he’s got to take a pee. When he’s in there, Jenny axe how he gonna do that, an don’t he need hep? an I say, â€Å"No, I seen him do it before. He can manage.† She shake her head an say, â€Å"This is where the Vietnam War have got us.† There ain’t much disputin that either. It is a sad an sorry spectacle when a no-legged man have got to pee in his hat an then dump it over into the toilet. The three of us settle into Jenny’s little apartment after that. Jenny fixed up Dan a place in a corner of the livin room with a little mattress an she kep a jar on the bathroom floor so he wouldn’t have to use his hat. You read "Forrest Gump Chapter Eighteen" in category "Essay examples" Ever mornin she’d go off to the tire company an Dan an me would set aroun the house an talk an then go down to the little tavern near where Jenny worked to wait till she got off. First week we started doin that, the guy I beat arm rasslin wanted a chance to git back his five bucks an I gave it to him. He tried two or three times more an in the end lost bout twenty-five dollars an after that he didn’t come back no more. But they was always some other feller wanted to try his luck an after a month or two they was guys comin from all over town an from other little towns too. Dan an me, we is pullin in bout a hundrit fifty or two hundrit dollars a week, which weren’t bad, let me tell you. An the owner of the tavern, he is sayin he gonna hole a national contest, an git the tv there an everthing. But before that happen, another thing come along that changed my life for sure. One day a feller come into the tavern that was wearin a white suit an a Hiwaian shirt an a lot of gold jewelry aroun his neck. He set up at the bar wile I was finishin off some guy at arm rasslin an then he come an set down at our table. â€Å"Name’s Mike,† he say, â€Å"an I have heard bout you.† Dan axed what has he heard, an Mike say, â€Å"That this feller here is the strongest man in the world.† â€Å"What of it?† Dan says, an the feller say, â€Å"I think I got a idea how you can make a hell of a lot more money than this nickel an dime shit you’re doin here.† â€Å"How’s that?† Dan say. â€Å"Rasslin,† says Mike, â€Å"but not this piss-ant stuff – I mean the real thing. In a ring with hundrits of thousands of payin customers.† â€Å"Rasslin who?† Dan axed. â€Å"Whoever,† says Mike. â€Å"They is a circuit of professional rasslers – The Masked Marvel, The Incredible Hulk, Georgeous George, Filthy McSwine – you name em. The top guys make a hundrit, two hundrit thousand dollars a year. We’s start your boy here off slow. Teach him some of the holds, show him the ropes. Why, I bet in no time he’d be a big star – make everybody a pile of money.† Dan look at me, say, â€Å"What you think, Forrest?† â€Å"I dunno,† I says. â€Å"I was kinda thinkin bout goin back home an startin a little srimp bidness.† â€Å"Shrimp!† says Mike. â€Å"Why boy, you can make fifty times more money doing this than shrimpin! Don’t have to do it all your life – just a few years, then you’ll have something to fall back on, money in the bank, a nest egg.† â€Å"Maybe I ought to axe Jenny,† I say. â€Å"Look,† Mike say, â€Å"I come here to offer you a chance of a lifetime. You don’t want it, jus say so, an I’ll be on my way.† â€Å"No, no,† Dan say. Then he turn to me. â€Å"Listen, Forrest, some of what this feller say make sense. I mean, how else you gonna earn enough money to start a srimp bidness?† â€Å"Tell you what,† Mike say, â€Å"you can even take your buddy here with you. He can be your manager. Anytime you want to quit, you’re free to do it. What do you say?† I thought bout it for a minute or so. Sounded pretty good, but usually they is some catch. Nevertheless, I open my big mouth an say the fatal word: â€Å"Yes.† Well, that’s how I become a professional rassler. Mike had his office in a gymnasium in downtown Indianapolis an ever day me an Dan would catch the bus down there so’s I could get taught the proper way to rassle. In a nutshell, it was this: nobody is sposed to get hurt, but it sposed to look like they do. They be teachin me all sorts of things – half-nelsons, the airplane spin, the Boston crab, the pile driver, hammerlocks an all such as that. Also, they taught Dan how to yell an scream at the referee, so as to cause the greatest commotion. Jenny is not too keen on the rasslin bidness on account of she say I might git hurt, an when I say nobody gits hurt cause it’s all put-on, she say, â€Å"Then what’s the point of it?† It is a good question that I cannot rightly answer, but I am lookin foward to makin us some money anyhow. One day they is tryin to show me somethin called â€Å"the belly flop,† where I is sposed to go flyin thru the air to lan on top of somebody but at the last minute he rolls away. But somehow, I keep screwin it up, an two or three times I lan right on the feller afore he gits a chance to move out the way. Finally Mike come up into the ring an say, â€Å"Jesus, Forrest – you some kind of idiot or somethin! You could hurt somebody that way, a big ole moose like you!† An I says, â€Å"Yep – I am a idiot,† an Mike say, â€Å"What you mean?† an then Dan, he say for Mike to come over to him for a secont an he splain somethin to him, an Mike say, â€Å"Good God! Is you kiddin?† an Dan shake his head. Mike look at me an shrug his shoulders an say, â€Å"Well, I guess it takes all kinds.† Anyway, bout a hour later Mike come runnin out of his office up to the ring where Dan an me is. â€Å"I’ve got it!† he shoutin. â€Å"Got what?† Dan axed. â€Å"His name! We have to give Forrest a name to rassle under. It just came to me what it is.† â€Å"What might that be?† Dan say. â€Å"The Dunce!† says Mike. â€Å"We will dress him up in diapers an put a big ole dunce cap on his head. The crowd will love it!† Dan think for a minute. â€Å"I dunno,† he says, â€Å"I don’t much like it. Sounds like you are tryin to make a fool out of him.† â€Å"It’s only for the crowd,† Mike say. â€Å"He has to have a gimmick of some sort. All the big stars do it. What could be better than The Dunce!† â€Å"How about callin him The Spaceman?† say Dan. â€Å"That would be appropriate. He could wear a plastic helmet and some antennas.† â€Å"They already got somebody called The Spaceman,† Mike says. â€Å"I still don’t like it,† Dan say. He looks at me, an axed, â€Å"What you think, Forrest?† â€Å"I don’t really give a shit,† I says. Well, that was the way it was. After all them months of trainin I am finally bout to make my debut as a rassler. Mike come in to the gym the day before the big match an he has a box with my diaper an a big ole black dunce cap. He say to be back at the gym at noon tomorrow so he can drive us to my first rasslin match which is in Muncie. That night when Jenny get home I gone into the bathroom an put on the diaper an the dunce cap an come out into the livin room. Dan is settin on his little platform cart watchin tv an Jenny is readin a book. Both of them look up when I walk thru the door. â€Å"Forrest, what on earth?† Jenny says. â€Å"It’s his costume,† say Dan. â€Å"It makes you look like a fool,† she say. â€Å"Look at it this way,† Dan says. â€Å"It’s like he is in a play or somethin.† â€Å"He still looks like a fool,† says Jenny. â€Å"I can’t believe it! You’d let them dress him up like that an go out in public?† â€Å"It’s only to make money,† Dan say. â€Å"They got one guy called ‘The Vegetable’ that wears turnip greens for a jockstrap an puts a hollowed-out watermelon over his head with little eyes cut out for him to see thru. Another guy calls himself ‘The Fairy,’ an has wings on his back an carries a wand. Sumbitch probly weighs three hundred pounds – you oughta see him.† â€Å"I don’t care what the rest of them do,† Jenny says, â€Å"I don’t like this one bit. Forrest, you go an get out of that outfit.† I gone on back to the bathroom an took off the costume. Maybe Jenny is right, I’m thinkin – but a feller’s got to make a livin. Anyhow, it ain’t near as bad as the guy I got to rassle tomorrow night in Muncie. He calls hissef â€Å"The Turd,† an dresses in a big ole body stockin that is painted to look like a piece of shit. Lord knows what he gonna smell like. How to cite Forrest Gump Chapter Eighteen, Essay examples

Subcutaneous Heparin Sodium Injection †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Subcutaneous Heparin Sodium Injection. Answer: Introduction: My experience in the clinical practice unit (CPU) was generally good. There was a lot to learn. In medication administration, there are 10 rules (Catanyag, 2012). The first step in drug administration an assessment of the patient (Wockhardt, 2016). I did exactly that and made sure I followed the 10 rules. I can comfortably give oral medications. I felt challenged and at the same time, I admired my colleague administering subcutaneous heparin sodium injection. I was balancing an input/output chart for a patient. There was a patient complaining that both deltoids were in pain due to the constant and alternate injections on the site. Pain is what the patient describes to be (Brunner and Sudderth, 2013). My colleague was able to solve this problem by injecting the patient on the lateral thigh. I was feeding a patient when I heard a patient rejecting drug injection. The mother claimed that her two months old baby cannot be injected into the gluteal regions because an advert she saw prohib ited it. My colleague was arguing with her. I intervened and helped in solving the case. I can comfortably give oral medications. I know when and to whom they are indicated to. The first colleague had sufficient knowledge on subcutaneous injection sites. It can be injected on the stomach, thighs and deltoid muscles. This challenged me to read more on injection sites. My second colleague was inadequately informed. Intramuscular injects are not done on infants gluteal areas due to the risk of injecting their sciatic nerves. From this, I learned when we are not sure of the actions we are taking, we should consult our supervisors for help. We are also supposed to listen to our patients and get to know their explanations. From this clinical practice, the positive impacts in my profession are that I have acquired skills on subcutaneous injections (heparin sodium), intramuscular injection (metoclopramide) and oral medications. On the negative side is that I did not have exposure to administering different types of drugs treating different conditions. The learning revolved between observing, being assisted and practical. This was very effective. After a few observations and being facilitated in a few procedures. I am comfortable administering drugs via any route (Potter et al., 2013). The barriers to effective learning were not having as many patients as I could have wished for intramuscular and subcutaneous injections. We shared the ones we had to ourselves. I was also afraid of doing a mistake. This made me observe more other than do the practical. I had to perfect. I am ready for my OSCA exams. I am well equipped with knowledge and skills. A mastery of theory is key. To enhance my learning and to be able to solve my dilemmas. With adequate knowledge of anatomy, pharmacology of the drugs it would have boosted my confidence hence I would have observed less and done more practice. In future clinical practice unit, I will ensure I have all the details on drug administration. The rights of the patients. The administration route. Patient-centered care (Briggs et al., 2014). The contraindications to the sites. The pharmacology pertaining the medication. I will also ensure that I am confident enough so as to learn more. I will also be ready to be corrected so as to learn from my mistakes. References Briggs. L et al., (2014) Patient-centered care as a priority in healthcare provision. Journal of professional nursing. Ed 21(4) pg. 23-24 Brunner and Suddarth, (2013). Textbook of medical and surgical nursing, 13th edition Bullock, S., (2013). Fundamentals of pharmacology. Ed. 7 Catanyag, H., (2016). 10 Golden Rules for Drug Administration. Nursing notes. Retrieved on 30th September 2017 from www.nursehussein.com/10-golden-rules-for-drug-administration Potter, A., Griffin, A., Hall, A., (2013). Fundamental of nursing. Ed.8

The story Macbeth is like no other in plot and poe Essay Example For Students

The story Macbeth is like no other in plot and poe Essay try. It sets itself apart from the rest by having a protagonist becoming evil. What makes Macbeth such a complicated character is the way his outlook keeps on changing throughout the play. This essay will prove that Macbeth is an evil man and was not overpowered by ambition to get what he wanted. This essay will also determine that certain characters like the witches did not force him to do evil; they simply triggered it. In the beginning of the play, Macbeth is shown as a hero in the Scottish army, that is ironic because Macbeth has defeated a traitor and he will become one. We feel that a person of his loyalty could never commit evil unless he had a good reason or if he would be provoked. After Macbeths first meeting with the witches, we learn from his aside that he has thought about killing Duncan My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical 1(Macbeth 1.3.152). Macbeth also says If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me Without my stir. 2(Macbeth 1.4.157-159) whic h means that maybe he does not have to murder the king to gain that title. Luck has been very generous to him and might continue and make him king. We will write a custom essay on The story Macbeth is like no other in plot and poe specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Macbeths true evil thoughts about being king are first shown when he finds out that king Duncan has named his son Malcolm as Prince of Cumberland. He now shows his evil and his true feelings. Stars, hide your fires; Let not night see my black and deep desires. The eye wink at the hand; yet let that be Which the eye fears,when it is done, to see. 3(Macbeth 1.4.57-60)Macbeth is actually seeking help from the dark and supernatural. Macbeth is saying that he does not want to see the evil that he will commit until it is done. It is now known that Macbeth is capable of evil and would commit it. Upon meeting Lady Macbeth, we can assume that any evil done by Macbeth would be contributed by her influence. Lady Macbeth is a very powerful women and she has a-lot of power over Macbeths decisions. After Lady Macbeth reads the letter from Macbeth, she says that he is in fact too noble to kill Duncan in cold blood but he would like to. It is too full othmilk of human kindness To catch the nearest way. Thou wouldst be great, Art not without ambition, but without The illness should attend it. What thou wouldst highly, That wouldstthou holily; wouldst not play false And yet wouldstwrongly win. 4(Macbeth 1.5.17-23) Lady Macbeth also talks about Macbeths ambition and how he is not the kind of person to let anything stand in his way if he wants it enough. Knowing there is evil in him, once he starts with the murder he will not let anything else stand in his way. Macbeths guilt is recognized after the killing of the king; in fact he is filled with so much of it that he is unable to pronounce the word AMEN. Macbeth shows once again his guilt when he says Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood Clean from my hands? 5(Macbeth 2.2.78-79). At this point, we can assume that Macbeth is in fact not an evil man instead one who was overcome with the idea of great achievement (his becoming king of Scotland). His attitude is shown to have been changed as he tries to put the blame of the murder on Duncans children. We hear our bloody cousins are bestowed In England and in Ireland. 6(Macbeth 3.1.33-34) This shows the reader that Macbeth is trying to cover up his cruel actions by laying the blame on someone else. Macbeth is trying to hide the evil that he has committed. .u41caeda845f3864cf62bd95f7494fed3 , .u41caeda845f3864cf62bd95f7494fed3 .postImageUrl , .u41caeda845f3864cf62bd95f7494fed3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u41caeda845f3864cf62bd95f7494fed3 , .u41caeda845f3864cf62bd95f7494fed3:hover , .u41caeda845f3864cf62bd95f7494fed3:visited , .u41caeda845f3864cf62bd95f7494fed3:active { border:0!important; } .u41caeda845f3864cf62bd95f7494fed3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u41caeda845f3864cf62bd95f7494fed3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u41caeda845f3864cf62bd95f7494fed3:active , .u41caeda845f3864cf62bd95f7494fed3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u41caeda845f3864cf62bd95f7494fed3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u41caeda845f3864cf62bd95f7494fed3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u41caeda845f3864cf62bd95f7494fed3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u41caeda845f3864cf62bd95f7494fed3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u41caeda845f3864cf62bd95f7494fed3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u41caeda845f3864cf62bd95f7494fed3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u41caeda845f3864cf62bd95f7494fed3 .u41caeda845f3864cf62bd95f7494fed3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u41caeda845f3864cf62bd95f7494fed3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: NATO EssayMacbeths evil is now progressing. The assumption that Macbeths wife was the reason for the evil deed that was committed can now be no longer since he is now planning things without her knowledge. Leary put it best when he said Macbeth makes the desicions to murder of his own free will, sins and falls from grace 7(Leary,200). He doesnt want anyone to take his hard earned title away from him and is willing to kill everyone who he considers a threat. Evil is overpowering him as he decides to kill Banquo and his son Fleance. The witches predicted Banquos children to be kings but not him. Clearly Banquo was no threat to the title of Macbeth yet Macbeth had him killed anyway. Macbeth no longer thought of the loyalty he owed Banquo as he had done in Duncans case. The banquet scene is very important and symbolic. Shakespeare shows that Macbeth is so evil that he is in some way not human anymore. The tables full. 8(Macbeth 3.4. 54) said Macbeth. The place where he was suppose to sit was taken by the ghost of the now dead Banquo. Macbeth now doesnt have a place among the others. He became enraged as he knew that that was true but later accepted it by going to meet with his own evil kind, the witches. The witches do play an important part in Macbeths evil actions and his downfall but cant be held responsible for it. The witches told him more or less exactly who were a threat to him. If it were not for them Macbeth would have had to continue on guessing and might have killed many people who pose no threat to him. Until now, everybody that died was a threat to Macbeth in some way or another. To a certain degree, Macbeth is considered only an evil man to who he thinks stand in his way of greatness and happiness. All that changes when he has Macduffs castle attacked by a band of murderers. The murderers killed many people who have nothing to do with Macbeths continuing reign over Scotland. Macbeths evil is now at its peak. Nobody can blame Lady Macbeth for his actions now. She doesnt even know what he is doing at this point. The witches prophecies told him that Macduff poses a challenge for him. Still they never mentioned his family or even anybody else. That didnt stop Macbeth from killing anybody and everybody at the castle. Macbeth is in fact an evil man. Maybe at one point he could have been admired as a soldier, a brave man who would fight willingly for his country. He had the titles of Thane of Glamis and Thane of Cawdor but that wasnt enough for him. At the beginning of the play he would contemplate evil actions and then he would feel the guilt for these actions. The play concluded with him killing at the chance that someone was against him without giving it a second thought. To the very end, Macbeth proved to be a traitor and felt no longer any remorse for his actions. The play concluded with a satisfactory ending and Macbeth wasnt known for his great achievements and his aid to Scotland but as this dead butcher 9(Macbeth 5.8.82.) Scotland had seen its worst king and awaits its new fate. Harold Bloom put it best when he said that we welcome the daylight as if we were awakening from a nightmare. 10(Bloom,131)WORKS CITED1. William Shakespeare, Macbeth, The Folger Shakespeare Library, New York, 1992. 2. ibid3. ibid4. ibid5. ibid6. ibid7. Daniel Leary, Macbeth, in the original and modern english, The perfection form company, New York, 1987. .udee40a7cb590a9025e99f3049c780be7 , .udee40a7cb590a9025e99f3049c780be7 .postImageUrl , .udee40a7cb590a9025e99f3049c780be7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udee40a7cb590a9025e99f3049c780be7 , .udee40a7cb590a9025e99f3049c780be7:hover , .udee40a7cb590a9025e99f3049c780be7:visited , .udee40a7cb590a9025e99f3049c780be7:active { border:0!important; } .udee40a7cb590a9025e99f3049c780be7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udee40a7cb590a9025e99f3049c780be7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udee40a7cb590a9025e99f3049c780be7:active , .udee40a7cb590a9025e99f3049c780be7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udee40a7cb590a9025e99f3049c780be7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udee40a7cb590a9025e99f3049c780be7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udee40a7cb590a9025e99f3049c780be7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udee40a7cb590a9025e99f3049c780be7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udee40a7cb590a9025e99f3049c780be7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udee40a7cb590a9025e99f3049c780be7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udee40a7cb590a9025e99f3049c780be7 .udee40a7cb590a9025e99f3049c780be7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udee40a7cb590a9025e99f3049c780be7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Drug Abuse Essay8. William Shakespeare, Macbeth, The Folger Shakespeare Library, New York, 1992. 9. ibid10. Harold Bloom, Major Literary Characters, Macbeth, : Oxford University Press, Toronto, 1939. BIBLIOGRAPHYShakespeare, William, Macbeth, New York: The Folger Shakespeare Library, 1992. Ribner, Irving, Patearns in Shakespearean Tragedy, London: Meutheun, 1960. Bloom, Harold, Major Literary Characters, Macbeth, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1939. Leary, Daniel, Macbeth , in the original and modren english, New York: The perfection form company, 1987. Harbage, Alfred, A Reader Guide to William Shakespeare, New York: The Noonday Press, 1963.

Effects of the Great Depression (internationally) essays

Effects of the Great Depression (internationally) essays The Great Depression had a major affect on the United States but soon the Depression was spreading to the rest of the world, especially to Europe. In Europe the single country that was most affected was Germany, whose extremely weak economy could not deal with the slow loss of American capital. The United States pushed Great Britain and France to pay them back for the debts they owed from World War One, forcing the allies to push Germany to pay back their debts; this created a big cycle of lending and paying back that really just put Germany into a bigger debt. At the time of all of this confusion the German dollar was devaluating. During this time the United Kingdom also represented another global economic force in the world. The British economy was not hit as hard or as fast as Germanys. However, as the set-backs of the world crisis became more and more clear, Great Britain experienced a large decline in its exports which was even greater than the decrease in its imports. Those two factors contributed to generate a deficit in its balance of payments. Still, compared to most other industrialized countries, the U.K. got through the Depression in better economic health. The case of Great Britain was different than others because the U.K. got through the Depression years easier than other nations. The British economy recovered easier for three reasons: the abandoning of the gold standard in 1931, the adoption of higher tariffs and the devaluation of the pound. When the U.K. abandoned the gold standard, it gave itself a competitive advantage over the countries which didnt. The new tariff laws helped by protect ing domestic industries and the 30 percent devaluation of the pound added to the competitive edge of the U.K. because it made British products cheaper to the rest of the world. With France, things went much differently. First off, out of the four biggest industrialized countries of the time (U.S., Germany, U.K. ...

Representations and Misrepresentation of race in American Culture Essay

Representations and Misrepresentation of race in American Culture - Essay Example This paper looks at the representations and the misrepresentation of culture in America, as discussed by Steve Olson in his book â€Å"Mapping human history.† Ideally, the occurrence of mutations in genetics mostly of the mitochondria is claimed to be the reason behind the migration of the different races between the different continents especially the mixed population. Hawaii state has always been marked by controversy in that the even the scientists are not able to tell the original inhabitants of this beautiful island state. A prime reason is that most of the current inhabitants of this state are not true offspring’s of the first people who live in this island commonly known as the Polynesians. However, there is an existing correlation in the biological and ethnic heredity of the people especially because most people only identify themselves with the racial background. The main cause for the misrepresentation of the aboriginals of Hawaii is the intermarriage between the natives and the visitors to the island (Olson, 260). The government of the United States splits its population into four major categories based on their racial background. ... They include the color of their skins, the shape and the size of their yeas, the size and the shape of their skulls, and the types of their hairs. These dominant factors are mostly notable among the black, the whites, Asians and the Indians (Olson, 259). However, there is an element of misrepresentation in that it is not possible to tell how different their genetic makeup is in the four groupings. Olson notes, â€Å"The rapid growth of interracial marriages in the united states and elsewhere marks a new face in the genetic history of humanity. Since the appearance of modern humans in Africa more than 100,000 years ago, human groups have differentiated in appearance as they have expanded across the globe and have undergone under some measures of reproductive isolation† (Olson, 259). He also asserts, â€Å"This differentiation has been limited by the recentness of our common ancestry and the powerful tendency of groups to mix over the same time† (Olson, 259). The native i nhabitants of Hawaii have highly been misrepresented in various statistics. Statistics shows that the natives of Hawaii live in the lower end of the social and economic life. In addition, they have the lowest incomes and highest unemployment rate in America among any ethnic group. Moreover, the native inhabitants of Hawaii have the highest rates of health problems and have the lowest life expectancy ratio. Besides, they are least likely to go to colleges, and almost certainly to be imprisoned. However, it is utmost misleading to generalize this kind of statistics in a large group of people such as the native Hawaiians. These amounts to misrepresentation since a large portion of Hawaiians, comprising of a fifth of the entire native population are now educated and very successful. In

Reclining Female Figure, attributed to the Ashmolean Master, Greece, Research Paper

Reclining Female Figure, attributed to the Ashmolean Master, Greece, Cycladic Islands, Naxos Early Cycladic II, Dokathismata variety, 24002300 B.C - Research Paper Example It has small pointed breasts, narrow arms that are folded right below the left. The figure has gently curved hands across the abdomen that is swollen. The piece has a deep cleft apex that is bisected and separates the long legs in front. It has a shallow cleft in the back that is raised up to the horizontal buttock ridge. The knees are intended and profiled. The ankles are also incised and the feet are angled down having concave soles with delineated toes. The piece is 11 and a half inch high. (Symes) The image has a feminine figure with broad shoulders and curved waist. It is a small sculpture that is portable. The figure uses curved triangular shape for the head, curved square shape for the breast oval curve for the waist and semi triangular shape for the legs. The texture type used in the image is not actual but visual. This is a texture typical for human skin. The texture type indicates that it is a light piece. It has a predominantly light with dark accents in the value scheme. The sculpture has varied characteristic aspects that relate to the principles of design. It portrays a perfect balance in the way the weight of the piece can be distributed evenly through the shoulder down to the feet. The shoulders are wider but proportional to the waist and portable by the legs. The hands are evenly shaped, but little thinner compared to the body size. The breast size is broader and not uniform to the lower part after the arms which provides non feminine image and looks unrealistic. This is a clear contrast on the figurative image of the female body. There is harmonious curved shaping of the waist and legs. The forward bending of the knees depicts natural movement in the piece. The piece is composed of numerous regular shaping to form a smooth feminine image. The dominant points on the piece are in the breasts and waist. The waist has a curving line

Witchcraft and Violence in the World Today Essay

Witchcraft and Violence in the World Today - Essay Example As history has shown, fear is a powerful motivator. Perhaps the most well-known example in the United States would be the Salem witch trials in seventeenth-century Massachusetts. This type of violence, often driven by personal vengeance or mass hysteria, can still be found in the world today, and in fact, there are many examples of just such a fear of the unknown causing people to lash out against their neighbors. In the modern world there are several different definitions for the term â€Å"witchcraft.† Stephen Hayes provides an excellent analysis of the problems associated with the terminology as it is used by various people around the world. According to Hayes, many people use the word witchcraft in a traditional manner. To these people using witchcraft means to use dark or black magic to cause harm to others. In essence, these people see the use of witchcraft as evil. In contrast, many followers of the neopagan religion Wicca use the term witchcraft synonymously for their religion. To Wiccans there is nothing evil about the term, save for the violence that was committed against alleged witches throughout history. This paper will use the more traditional definition of witchcraft. The reasoning for this choice can best be summarized by Hayes: â€Å"In normal, non-Wiccan usage †¦ the essence of witchcraft and sorcery is the causing of harm to persons or property by invisible occult means† (339). Tanzania is a country in eastern Africa lying on the Indian Ocean. The majority of the population in this country believes in witchcraft, similar to the beliefs in many other areas of Africa. Elderly women in Tanzania are often accused of witchcraft and murdered. Additionally, according to some researchers, in years when Tanzania suffers unusual rainfall either by drought or flooding then the murders of accused witches double (Kristof, par. 3). However, weather is not the only cause for these murders. Many of the murders are also performed at the beh est of traditional healers who blame the elderly women of performing witchcraft to cause illness in their patients (Dickinson, par. 2). Clearly the murders in Tanzania have many different causes at their roots. Other areas of Africa also have problems with violence against those accused of witchcraft. The Democratic Republic of Congo is located in western central Africa. It, like its eastern neighbor Tanzania, also has problems with attacks on â€Å"witches.† In 2008 there was a massive scare in the country surrounding purported thefts of men’s penises. Several cases of attempted lynching occurred during the incident in which suspected sorcerers were â€Å"accused of using black magic to steal or shrink men’s penises† (Bavier, par. 1). Police in Kinshasa arrested the accused witches as well as their alleged victims in order to avoid the murders associated with a similar incident a decade earlier in Ghana, another African country. The continent of Africa i s not the only place in the world where violence occurs against those who purportedly practice witchcraft. According to Tess Eastman, a woman in India was recently tied to a tree and beaten for being a witch (par. 1). The violence in this case was initiated by a man who had admitted to hiring the woman to heal his wife with magic and prayer. However, the man subsequently accused the woman of witchcraft when his wife’s condition worsened. This accusation was enough for the violence to happen. The attack, while not fatal for the accused witch, was violent enough to result in the arrest of six people, including the original hirer of the woman. While it would be tempting to believe that violence against accused witches only happens halfway around the world from the United States,

The Problems Of The Red Tide Environmental Sciences Essay

The Problems Of The Red Tide Environmental Sciences Essay The term red tide is a misnomer as it does not associated with tides. It is used to described as a phenomenon microalgal species growing very fast or bloom and is caused by the growth and accumulation of microscopic algae (single-celled marine plants) called phytoplankton (Anton, A. et al, 1998). These algal blooms become so numerous that they can discolour coastal waters.To the scientists they prefer to call them as algal blooms or HABs These algal bloom may cause oxygen depletion in the waters and/or release toxins that may cause illness in humans and other animals. Red tide is a global phenomenon. Since 1980s harmful red tide events have become more frequent and widespread. The major factors influencing red tide events include warm ocean surface temperatures, low salinity, high nutrient content, calm seas, and rain followed by sunny days during the summer months. In addition, algaerelated to red tide can spread or be carried long distances by winds, currents, storms, or ships. Red tide has affected my countries all over the world including South East Asia and Sabah in Malaysia. The first report of HABs and shellfish toxicity in Malaysia was in 1976 when the marine dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense var. Compressum bloomed in Brunei Bay on the west coast of Sabah (Roy 1977). The study by Anton, A. et al (2000) found 11 species in both the West and East Coast of Sabah and all the species densities were below 100 cells/L which is far below the densities to consider to be a bloom, which values are more than 103 cells/L. This is because too many blooms are unhealthy for coastlines because an over abundance of blooms can lead to suffocating low-oxygen conditions for fish, and increased diseases in seafood. Below shows the distribution of PSP toxin in the world between 1970 and 2006. Figure 1: Comparison of PSP Toxin distribution in the world between 1970 and 2006 2.0 The problem of red tide Since there are many factors influencing the events of red tide, it has caused a lot of concern and problems to sicientists especially the marine biologists. A lot of research has been carried out such as Harmful Algal Blooms in Malaysia: Revisiting Kimanis Bay by Anton A.et al (2000); Lipid and DNA features of Gonyaulax fragilis (Dinophyceae) as potential biomarkers in mucilage genesis by M. Riccardi et al. available online on 25 January 2010; Effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on growth of the novel red tide glagellate Chattonella 1 ovata (Raphidophyceae) by a group of scientics lead by Haruo Yamaguchi et.al. Available online on 13 February 2010 and many others has being carried out. The presence of red tide impose a severe burden on the affected country (Gires U. et al, 2002). The problem is compounded by wide adoption of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) protocols which require that seafood is certified as safe and wholesome for consumption by monitoring the natural toxins. Red tide has also caused mass mortalities of wild and farm fish and shellfish, human illness and death from contaminated shellfish or fish, death of marine mammals, seabirds, and other animals, and alterring the marine habitats or trophic structure. In 1972, Massachusetts has declared a state of emergency because of red tide bloom. (Esterbrook, J. 2005). It has caused the shellfish industry about $3 million per week. Although until today there are nothing much marine biologist can do to eliminate red tide problems, however, with the technological advancement such as satellite imagery have enable the scientist to better track and monitor the harmful algal booms. By tracking and monitoring these blooms has helps to reduce harmful effects of the algae by providing early warnings against eating infected shellfish and against swimming in infected water. Sophitiscated instruments to test for the presence of red tide algae in coastal waters have been developd by the Sarasota Operations Coastal Oceans Observation Laboratory. NASA Earth Observatory has develop programmes such as SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor) and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instruments to detect harmful algal bloom from space. Autonomus underwater vehicles (AUVs) equipped with temperature and salinity meters as well as a Breve-Buster, which is an instrument that collects water samples and determines the levels of red-tide causing algae by shining a light through the sample and noting the light absorbing characteristics within the sample (indicative of these algae) is also used in the research of red tide. Although red tide events can be avoided, reseachers are attempting to develop an antidote to the red tide toxins. Interestingly, while developing such anti-toxins, researchers have found a possible treatment for cystic fibrosis. 3 Methods used to collect samples Traditionally, light microscope is used to estimate the population of zooplankton in the water. An example of the equipment used is as shown in Fig.2 below. Figure 2. A representation of the volume of water being sampled by a plankton net from a depth of 3 meters. The amount of water sampled and how to properly enumerate the organisms in the sample is important. This is because the amount of water sampled can be considered equalto the amount of water that passes through the plankton net. Since the opening of the plankton net is circular, the amount of water that passes through the net from a specific depth to the surface would be similar in shape to the cylinder. Therefore, the formula for the volume of a cylinder is, V= Ã‚ °R2 x H. By applying this formula the amount of water sampled through the plankton net can be calculated. Once the plankton has been captured in the filter canister at the bottom of the plankton net, small volume (1ml) sub-samples can be placed under the microscope so that each plankton organism can be counted. Finally, the total number of plankton within the sampled water can be calculated by extrapolation. This number can then be extrapolated so that the total number of plankton in the seawater can be estimated. Figure 3. Custom-fabricated pucks for the 2G ESP shown L to R as sample collection and filtration, array processing, and FISH archival. Quarter shown for size. However, recently there is a shift from using traditional ligh microscopy to molecular approaches for identifying and quantifying marine harmful algal bloom (HAB) species has been driven by the need to expedite sample processing for both research and monitoring purposes (Anderson 1995; Scholin et al. 1996). In addition, light microscopy has limitation to sufficient resolution to discern species when compared to electron microscopy. Some methods used to accurately identify HABs in a fast manner are fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) (Lim et al. 1993), fluorescently labeled antibodies and lectins (Sako et al. 1996), sandwich hybridization (Scholin et al. 1996), probe arrays (Loy et al. 2002), environmental sample processor (ESP) (Scholin et al. 2001) and a variety of nucleic acid amplification methods that target specific signature sequences. However, most of these techniques require ccess to shore-based laboratories for sample processing and analysis, which can be both time and labour intensive. Most of the methods mentioned above are very technical and require researchers who are well verse in handling the equipment and also thoroughly understand the methods used. It takes time to prepare, process and image analysing of the samples collected, and interpreting the results. An example of the equipment used in ESP is the puck as shown below. 4. Application and implications of biology Implications of red tide Environmental implication There are many species of red tide that release harmful toxins. Among the harmful species found in the United States are: Alexandrium fundyense found along the Atlantic coast from the Canadian maritimes to southern New England Alexandrium catenella found along the Pacific coast from California to Alaska Karenia brevis found in the Gulf of Mexico along the west coast of Florida Alexandrium species Dinophysis species Macroalgal Blooms Figure 4: Different species of red tide Although red tide algae make potent natural toxins but it is unknown why these toxin are created, but some can be hazadous to larger organisms through the processess of biomagnification and bioaccumulation. Grazers such as fish and krill are unaffected by the toxins, so when they eat the algae to toxins are concentrated and accumulated to a level that is poisonous to other aquatic lives such as bigger fish that feed on them. Then when mammals such as birds, man, etc. consume these fish they will either contracted diseases or they can cause death. Diseases that may affect humans include: 1. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) This disease is caused by the production of saxitoxin by the Alexandrium species and they are common along the Atlantic and Pacific Coast in the US and Canada (Monica Bruckner, Montana State University). Poisoning occurs when on ingests shellfish contaminated with PSP toxins causing disruption of nerve function and paralysis. In extreme cases it may result in death due to asphyxiation. 2. Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) This disease is caused by the Dinophysis species. It generally occurs in Japan and Europe, but it has been found in other countries such as Canada, the US, Chile, New Zealand, and Thailand. Symptoms of DSP include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and cramps. However, DSP is generally not fatal. 3. Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) Amnesic shellfish poisoning has been found along the eastern Canadian coast. It is caused by domoic acid producing planktonic and benthic algae, including Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries and Amphora coffaeformis. It can also found in soft shell clams and blue mussels infected by Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima. It causes gastricand neurological symptoms including dizziness, disorientation and memory loss. ASP Domoic Acid and Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning DSP Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning PSP Saxitoxin and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Figure 5: Different types of poisoning caused by red tide Red tide has also caused substantial impact to the ecosystem that include a reduction in light penetration, a reduction in the extent of seagrass beds and a reduction in the growth rates of hard clams. Further, red tide caused mass mortalities of mussel populations in Rhode Island and in Long Island waters, Recurrent blooms have had severe impact on bay scallops, affecting more than 80% of New Yorks commercially valuable harvest. Acute or chronic exposure to red tide and their toxins either directly or through the food web, puts the affected population at increased risk (Anderson, D. 2007). Economic implication In 2005, the massive red tide outbreak in New England has caused the shellfish industry to lose $3 million per week and forcing the Massachusetts to declare a state of emergency. This has lead to the shellfisherman to raise their prices especially for the shellfish industry. The 2009 paralytic shellfish poisoning (red tide) occuring in Maine, Portsmouth, New England has caused devastating economic impact where Maine authority estimates that there were 89,000 acres of productive shellfish in the state waters and at that time more than 97% of these resources were closed due to red tide (Anderson, D. (2007). Further, there had been unusual reports of mortality events of both short-nose sturgeon and eider ducks which were suspected to be caused by the transfer of red tide toxicity through the food web to these larger animals. The first paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) case recorded in Sabah in 1976 where 202 victims were reported to be suffering from PSP and 7 deaths. (Roy 1977). This event has caused significant economic losses to fishermen because the public are afraid to consume all types of seafood during the bloom event which lasted two to three weeks. Then in 1991, three people were taken ill after consuming green mussel (Perna viridis) cultured at a newly established mussel form in Sebatu Malacca (Gires, U. et al 2002). Symptoms suggested that of intoxication due to algal toxins were confirmed by testing the extracts from mussles collected during the event confirmed the presence of toxins caused by dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamiyavanichi. Further, in September 2001, six people were taken ill after consuming lokan (Polymesoda sp.) collected from a coastal lagoon (Sungai Ubi) in Tumpat Kelantan and one of the victim died with symptom suggested intoxication due to algal toxins (Usup et al. 2000). Picture 4: A spectacular red tide bloom (non-toxic) of Noctiluca scintillans in New Zealand NSP Brevetoxins and Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning PSP Saxitoxin and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Figure 6: The economic loss due to the effect of red tide Societal Implication Although the impact of red tide (algal blooms) events are more associated to the environmental impact as well as economic impact, however, the presence to these events have also affected the recreation, tourism and local aesthetics by diminishing the qualities of the environment (Anderson, A. 2007). This can manifest in a variety of ways in different regions of the country. Some examples are: Massive fish mortalities that result in fish accumulating on beaches Clossure of receational fisheries Respiratory ailments experienced by beachgoers from aerosolized toxins Unsightly and noxious piles of macroalgae that accumulate and decompose on beaches Discolouration of water Mortalities of protected species and modification of their habitats Working patterns can also be disrupted when fisherman seek alternative occupations or sources of income and restaurants seek alternate suppliers for their seafood. Boat charter reservations and pier attendance for recreational activities will be disrupted, vacations ruined and some may never visit an impacted region again. In addition to that, people who have retired to coastal or lake shore homes may find their property values adversely affected when red tide or harmful algal blooms (HABs) frequently occur. Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects from the National Centre for Environmental Health, Communicable Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta is also very concern with the frequent occurrence of red tide (HABs) events all over the world. This has lead them to work with investigators from local, state, and federal health agencies of the country concerned to assess the respiratory effects of: Recreational exposure to red tide toxins dispersed in the air. For example, in 2003, CDC completed and reported a pilot study oftwo separate red tide events in Florida. Occupational exposure to red tide toxins dispersed in the air. For example, CDC has collected respiratory-function data from Flrida lifeguards who worked during a red tide event. Red algae bloom at Leigh, near Cape Rodney. This massive red tide of the dinoflagellate Noctiluca stretched for more than 20 miles along the southern California coast. Non-toxic blooms such as these can cause extensive mortalities of plants and animals in shallow waters when the bloom biomass decays, stripping oxygen from the water. Figure 7: Red Tide occurrence 5.0 Benefits and risk to humans, other organisms and environment The site of seeing red tide at the beach indicate that there is something unusual has occurred in the sea especially at the site of the event. As discussed in details above, red tide occurrence has been widespread all over the world. They have caused many implications to the environment, ecosystem and the living organisms that depended on the equatic lives to live. Among the risk to humans are not only man are not able swim in the beaches, lost in tourism but by the exposure to these events can cause harmful effect to the health of the population living nearby. Besides, the toxins produced by the harmful algal blooms have caused extensive mortalities to plants and animals when the bloom biomass decays, stripping oxygen from the water. It has also cause shellfish fisherman to loose million of dollars in income because of the fear to consume shellfish during red tide seasons. However, with many research being carried out from time to time on red tides or harmful algal blooms (HABs), man has learn a lot about the causes to the occurrence of these events. Sophisticated instruments have been designed and built such as SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor) and MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instruments to detect harmful algal bloom from space. Autonomus underwater vehicles (AUVs) equipped with temperature and salinity meters as well as a Breve-Buster, which is an instrument that collects water samples and determines the levels of red-tide causing algae by shining a light through the sample and noting the light absorbing characteristics within the sample (indicative of these algae) is also used in the research of red tide. All these instruments are used to track and monitor these blooms and have help to reduce harmful effects of the algae by providing early warnings against eating infected shellfish and against swimming in infe cted water. Research carried out by Peterson, J. 2004 with red tide toxin yields potential therapies for cystic firbosis. In the research, experiments conducted with both the compounds; ÃŽÂ ²-Naphthoyl-bevetoxin and brevenal (a natural compound produced by red tide) in sheep revealed that both the compounds were able to block the effects of the red tide toxin on the respiratory system. While conducting the experiments an even more important discovery prevailed the anti-toxins behaved much like drugs used to treat cystic fibrosis because these compounds helps to speed up the clearance of mucus from the lungs. According to Danial Baden, Ph.D., director of University of North Carolina in Wilmingtons Centre of Marine Science and director of the project, mucociliary clearance is one of the most important defense systems in the lungs, protecting the airways from bacteria and pollutants. Tests conducted in sheeps also showed that these compounds to be effective at doses 1 million times lower than t he current medications used in the treatment of cystic fibrosis and they have no side effects. 6.0 Alternatives views or solutions for implications of biology encountered One of the ways to control red tide or harmful algal blooms (HABs) is to reduce excess pollutants and key nutrients from being released into coastal ocean areas. From the environmental perspective, taking steps to reduce pollution would also reduce HAB occurrences. For HABs, reducing nitrogen release is especially important; however, this is also one of the most difficult pollutants to control as it comes from a wide range of widely used agriculture chemicals such as fertilizers and fossil fuels. Therefore, efficient and effective dissemination of useful information about HABs to the populations that live in the coastal areas is important. Subsequently, controlling harmful algal blooms (HABs) using chemicals, fine clay particles or biological agents should be studied further. Although the potential dangers of chemical or biological agents should be known, they also hold great promise in controlling unwanted toxic phytoplankton populations. Under some circumstances, dispersal of fine clay particles over a bloom has seen some sucess, as the clay aggregates with itself and with other particles in the water (including HAB cells) and pulls the harmful algae to bottom sediments. Control techniques in the context of risk assessments, similar to those applied in evaluating land-based agriculture, should be purseued with HABs. Better monitoring systems and detection methods on HABs need to be further developed. Government and multinational companies and philantrophies such be encouraged to fund monitoring programs and research. In addition, the medical community should be better informed and prepared to treat individuals suffering from HAB toxicity. Individuals visiting or living on the shore or consume seafood also need to be better informed about the risks. Overall, scientiests need to be encourage to investigate HAB controland mitigation strategies. This is because it is easier to pursue basic or fundamental science, rather than taking on the challenging and highly visible practical research that tries to control blooms. There are surely technologies that we have not even considered or explore yet that will be effective if scientists and engineers are given the resources and encouragement to pursue control and mitigation research. 7.0 Conclusion Red tides and harmful algal blooms is one of the important areas where the biologist can seriously undertake in their research. This is because there are many factors that can cause HABs or red tides. Once it occur, it will cause much harm to the environment, aquatic ecosystem, lost of income to the shellfish and fishery industries and the health of the populations exposed and staying in the coastal areas will be affected. Therefore, it needs a concerted multi-prong effort from not only the biologists but also the agencies involved; be it governmental or public, and last but not the least the affected populations and individuals at large to help find effective mitigation solutions to the problems at stake.

Gender Roles In Star Trek Next Generation Essay -- essays research pap

In 1966 a series called "Star Trek" was created. It's creator, Gene Roddenberry, did not create the show to be a science fiction series. The series was much deeper than that. It wasn't just about discovering new planets and civilizations. It was about controversial issues. Even though the series' take place in the 23rd and 24th century the issues struck with the times and related current issues. Through each series, The Original, Next Generation, Deep Space Nine and Voyager, there has been progression with the times and the issues. The issues that surround the episodes of Star Trek include race, religion, sexuality, the depiction of science and gender roles. The central focus being talked about in this paper will be gender roles. Gender roles in Star Trek deal with leadership and sexuality. Men and women have had different roles in Star Trek as well as different progressions. Men in Star Trek have always had a leadership role. In the original series the four main characters are men. The captain, Kirk, the second in command, Spock, the doctor, Bones or McCoy, and the head engineering officer Scotty are all men. In the Next Generation series there is Captain Picard, the second in command, Riker, and there are others engineering roles played by Warf and Data who are all men. In the Deep Space Nine series Captain Sisko and the head engineer is male. In Voyager the second in command, Chakotay, as well as Tuvok, a Vulcan Spock like character, and Neelix, the cook are all men. Women in Star Trek have made a real progression, at least more then Men have. When men are already at the top having leadership roles there's no place to go but down. This isn't necessarily there work performance or merit is going down but the women's performance, merit and acceptance going up. The women of Star Trek started at the bottom and could only go up. The original series did have one woman in a starring role. Uhura was the head communication officer, however her role was really more of a secretary and didn't really have many lines and if she did they weren't very lengthy, nothing much more than, "Yes captain." In the Next Generation series the women started to move farther up the leadership ladder. The women starring roles were Beverly Crusher, the doctor, and Diana Troy, the counselor. In Deep Space Nin... ...s. Women usually aren't as forward and her forwardness gives the essence of a male fantasy, the female making the moves on the male. Males and females are almost in pursuit of a mate, however males are usually the gender that make the first move. When the female shows immediate and obvious signs of interest, males in general think of it as something with no real challenge and therefore no real commitment. This presents a good time for the crowd of men in 10 Forward. Sexuality plays a big part in gender roles. In Star Trek Next Generation one of biggest issues is gender roles. Sexuality has played a little role in Star Trek. It showed a woman who's only purpose in life was for procreation. Although her actions were abnormal for a woman, it is the only real purpose of both genders. Survival is the goal of both genders and that is done through procreation. Also, men have always had leadership roles in Star Trek since the beginning of the series. Women, however have had to work there way up the leadership ladder. Their roles have been equal to the times or slightly pushing forward a bit, which has been the most important part of gender roles in Star Trek.